Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY
Volume 51, Issue 2, Pages 173-185Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dev.20356
Keywords
attachment; primate; parental care; early experience
Categories
Funding
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research to Marian Bakernians-KranenbUrg [452-04-306]
- National Institutes of Health [RR-00165]
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center [RR-06158, HD-07105, RR-03591]
- European Commission [FP6-IST-045169]
- American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care
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Forty-six nursery-reared chimpanzee infants (22 females and 24 males) receiving either standard care (n = 29) or responsive care (n = 17) at the Great Ape Nursery at Yerkes participated in this study Standard care (ST) consisted primarily, of peer-rearing, with humans providing essential health-related care. Responsive care (RC) consisted of an additional 4 hr of interaction 5 days a week with human caregivers who were specially trained to enhance species-typical chimpanzee socio-emotional and communicative development. At 9 months, ST and RC chimpanzees were examined with the Bayley, Scales for In ant Development to assess their Mental Development Index (MDI). At 12 months, the chimpanzees were assessed with their human caregivers in the Ainsworth Strange Situation Procedure (SSP). In this first study to use the SSP in chimpanzees, nursery reared chimpanzees exhibited the definite patterns of distress, proximity seeking, and exploration that underpin the SSP for human infants. In ST chimpanzees the attachment classification distribution was similar to that of human infants raised in Greek or Romanian orphanages. RC chimpanzees showed less disorganized attachment to their human caregivers, had a more advanced cognitive development, and displayed less object attachment compared to ST chimpanzees. Responsive care stimulates chimpanzees' cognitive and emotional development, and is all important factor in ameliorating some of the adverse effects of institutional care. (C) 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 173-185, 2009.
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