Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS
Volume 240, Issue 5, Pages 920-930Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22535
Keywords
cis-regulatory; enhancer; human limb malformation
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [NICHD R01HD059862, NHGRI R01HG005058]
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The underlying mutations that cause human limb malformations are often difficult to determine, particularly for limb malformations that occur as isolated traits. Evidence from a variety of studies shows that cis-regulatory mutations, specifically in enhancers, can lead to some of these isolated limb malformations. Here, we provide a review of human limb malformations that have been shown to be caused by enhancer mutations and propose that cis-regulatory mutations will continue to be identified as the cause of additional human malformations as our understanding of regulatory sequences improves. Developmental Dynamics 240:920-930, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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