Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 41, Issue 4, Pages 644-651Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.014
Keywords
Shrimp; Hemocytes; Extracellular traps
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Funding
- National Science Council [NSC 101-2324-B-006-001-CC1, NSC 101-2628-B-006-001-MY4]
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Extracellular traps (ETs) are formed from the DNA, histones and cytoplasmic antimicrobial proteins that are released from a range of vertebrate immune-cells in response to pathogenic stimulation. This novel defense mechanism has not been demonstrated in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated the formation of ETs in the crustacean Litopenaeus vannamei. We found that stimulation of shrimp hemocytes with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and live Escherichia coli all led to the formation of the characteristic ET fibers made from host cell DNA. After E. toll stimulation, we found that histone proteins were co-localized with these extracellular DNA fibers. The results further showed that E. coli were trapped by these ET-like fibers and that some of the trapped bacteria were permeabilized. All of these results are characteristic of the ETs that are seen in vertebrates and we therefore conclude that shrimp are also capable of forming extracellular traps. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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