Journal
DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 35, Issue 12, Pages 1246-1255Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.008
Keywords
Alternatively activated macrophages; Classically activated macrophages; TLR; iNOS; Arginase; Fish; Teleost
Categories
Funding
- European Commission (EC) [FOOD-CT-2005-007103]
- European Commission's Initial Training Network 'NEMO' [PITN-GA-2008-214505]
Ask authors/readers for more resources
In this review, we focus on four different activation states of fish macrophages. In vitro, stimulation with microbial ligands induces the development of innate activated macrophages whereas classically activated macrophages can be induced by stimulation with LPS in combination with (recombinant) IFN gamma. Both types of macrophages show elevated phagocytic activity, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and radical production. Alternatively activated macrophages require the cytokines IL-4/IL-13 for induction of, among others, arginase activity. Until in vitro studies identify the effects of putative IL-4 and IL-13 homologues on fish macrophages, arginase enzyme activity remains the most reliable marker for the presence of alternatively activated macrophages in fish. The best evidence for the existence of regulatory macrophages, associated with the presence of IL-10, comes from in vivo studies, for example during parasitic infections of carp. Altogether, differentially activated macrophages in fish largely resemble the phenotypes of mammalian macrophages. However, the presence of fish-specific ligand recognition by TLRs and of duplicated genes coding for proteins with particular activities, poses additional challenges for the characterization of phenotype-specific gene signatures and cell surface markers. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Authors
I am an author on this paper
Click your name to claim this paper and add it to your profile.
Reviews
Recommended
No Data Available