Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Update on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Management

Background Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most frequently observed cancers in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTR) and may have a significant disease burden. Objective To provide an update regarding the epidemiology and management of NMSC in SOTR. Results Ten-year incidence rates range from 10% in Italy to 20% in Northern Europe to 70% in Australia. More than 50% of NMSC are located on sun-exposed areas (head, dorsum of hands). Many risk factors have been identified, including age at transplantation, fair skin, type of immunosuppressive drugs, cumulative sun exposure, viral infections, and various genetic markers. Patients with a first NMSC have a 49 times higher risk of developing a subsequent NMSC. Skin self-examination and photoprotection should be encouraged in all transplanted patients. Long-term skin surveillance, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment of any suspicious lesion, reduction of immunosuppressive therapy, and conversion to m-TOR inhibitors can be also effective measures for reduction of NMSC incidence. Conclusions NMSC is the most frequent cancer observed in SOTR. Early diagnosis, patient education, and modification of immunosuppression are effective measures for reduction of NMSC incidence.