Journal
CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL DESIGN
Volume 20, Issue 2, Pages 172-179Publisher
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990034
Keywords
Resveratrol; mitochondria; mitocans; cancer; reactive oxygen species
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Funding
- Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Padova e Rovigo (Fondazione CARIPARO) (Excellence grant Developing a pharmacology of polyphenols)
- Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) [5118]
- University of Padova
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Resveratrol derivatives bearing an O-linked mitochondria-targeting 4-triphenylphosphoniumbutyl group at either position 3 or position 4' are prooxidant and cytotoxic for cultured cells, selectively killing fast-growing cells when supplied in the low mu M range. Resveratrol is essentially without effect under these experimental conditions, while the cytotoxicity of the mitochondriotropic derivatives increases if they are methylated on the remaining hydroxyls. Experiments with Bax(-/-)/Bak(-/-) cells and a pan-caspase inhibitor show that cell death is mostly of the necrotic type. Cytotoxicity is due to ROS produced upon accumulation of the compounds into mitochondria, and specifically to H2O2, since externally added membrane-permeant catalase largely prevents cell death while superoxide dismutase potentiates toxicity. The mitochondriotropic compounds cause ROS-independent depolarization of in situ mitochondria. Effectiveness is increased if resveratrol hydroxyls are acetylated or methylated; this excludes the involvement of autooxidation of the polyphenolic nucleus and a protonophoric cycle as the causes of ROS generation and of depolarization, respectively. Resveratrol-triphenylphosphonium conjugates may thus represent a new class of chemotherapeutic agents, redox-active mitocans, whose mechanisms of action and in vivo activity are worthy of further investigation.
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