Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN SOLID STATE & MATERIALS SCIENCE
Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 168-177Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cossms.2012.04.002
Keywords
Energy storage; Sodium ion batteries; Sodium batteries; Solid state chemistry; Energy materials; Grid storage
Funding
- NSERC
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Owing to almost unmatched volumetric energy density, Li-ion batteries have dominated the portable electronics industry and solid state electrochemical literature for the past 20 years. Not only will that continue, but they are also now powering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. In light of possible concerns over rising lithium costs in the future, Na and Na-ion batteries have re-emerged as candidates for medium and large-scale stationary energy storage, especially as a result of heightened interest in renewable energy sources that provide intermittent power which needs to be load-levelled. The sodium-ion battery field presents many solid state materials design challenges, and rising to that call in the past couple of years, several reports of new sodium-ion technologies and electrode materials have surfaced. These range from high-temperature air electrodes to new layered oxides, polyanion-based materials, carbons and other insertion materials for sodium-ion batteries, many of which hold promise for future sodium-based energy storage applications. In this article, the challenges of current high-temperature sodium technologies including Na-S and Na-NiCl2 and new molten sodium technology, Na-O-2 are summarized. Recent advancements in positive and negative electrode materials suitable for Na-ion and hybrid Na/Li-ion cells are reviewed, along with the prospects for future developments. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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