Cognitive dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea: from cradle to tomb

Purpose of review To understand clinical characteristics and risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndromes. Recent findings Primary snoring increases the risk of neurocognitive impairment and lower intelligence quotients in infants and children. Middle-aged adults with severe OSA are at greater risk for cognitive impairment than young adults with apnea of equal severity. Older women with OSA are at increased risk for minimal cognitive impairment or dementia, 5 years later. Summary Certain age groups (younger and older) are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of OSA on cognition. Other influences that increase the risk for cognitive dysfunction in OSA include premature birth, apolipoprotein e4 allele status and other genetic polymorphisms, lower socioeconomic status, fewer years of education, and ethnicity.