Hepatitis C and renal transplantation

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to describe the new insights of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and renal transplantation. Recent findings HCV is its most frequent cause of liver disease after transplantation. In the long run, HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, hepatocarcinoma and death in some patients. As interferon is generally contraindicated after transplantation, the best way to treat patients is before transplantation. Long-term patient and graft survival rates are lower in HCV-positive patients than in HCV-negative graft recipients. HCV infection is an independent risk factor for death and graft loss. Mortality is higher, mainly as a result of cardiovascular complications, liver disease and infections but is lower than in HCV-positive patients on the transplant waiting list. New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT), and HCV-related glomerulonephritis, together with chronic rejection and notably transplant glomerulopathy can contribute to graft failure. Despite this factor, transplantation is the best option for the HCV-positive patient on dialysis. Renal transplantation with kidneys from donors with positive anti-HCV antibodies into HCV RNA-positive recipients seems to be safe in the long term. Summary Renal transplantation is the therapy of choice for dialysis patients with HCV infection. To improve the results, a careful follow-up in the outpatient clinic for early detection of HCV-related complications is mandatory.