Interleukin-12 family members and the balance between rejection and tolerance

Purpose of review Allograft rejection involves multiple effector mechanisms. Interleukin(IL)-12 family members play a critical role in influencing helper T-cell differentiation and inflammatory processes, and their respective role in orchestrating inflammation of autoimmune or infectious origin starts to be unravelled. We highlight recent findings on the function of the different IL-12 family members: IL-1 2p70, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35 and discuss their possible involvement in influencing the balance between graft rejection and tolerance. Recent findings The capacity of dendritic cells to produce IL-12 and IL-23 strongly influences the outcome of CD4(+) T-cell responses. While the IL-12/interferon-gamma axis has classically been involved in autoimmune pathologies and acute graft rejection, it is now clear that it also displays immunoregulatory properties. In contrast, IL-23 promotes the function of proinflammatory IL-17-producing cells in both mice and humans. Both IL-27 and IL-35 have recently emerged as important regulators of adaptive immune responses. Summary The contribution of the IL-12/interferon-gamma pathway to acute graft rejection may be more complicated than initially thought. As our understanding of the IL-12 family is rapidly growing and changing, the respective role of its members in orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses toward alloantigens should be addressed.