Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN NEPHROLOGY AND HYPERTENSION
Volume 23, Issue 5, Pages 513-518Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000044
Keywords
cell signaling; cytokine; mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway; protein kinase B; type 1 diabetes
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Funding
- VA Connecticut
- National Basic Research Program of China 973 Program [2012CB517600, 2012CB517602]
- Shanghai Health Bureau [ZXSNXD-CC-ZDYJ002]
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Purpose of review Remarkable progress has been achieved over the past 2 years in understanding the cellular actions of renalase, its pathophysiology and potential therapeutic utility. Recent findings There has been a paradigm shift in our thinking about the mechanisms underlying the cellular actions of renalase. We now understand that, independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a signaling molecule, a cytokine that interacts with a yet-to-be identified plasma membrane receptor(s) to activate protein kinase B and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These signaling properties are critical to its cytoprotective effects. New information regarding renalase's enzymatic function as an a-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase/anomerase will be reviewed. Lastly, we will discuss the association of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in the renalase gene with type 1 diabetes and with ischemic stroke, and the clinical implications of these findings. Summary The consistent association of renalase single nucleotide polymorphisms and the development of type 1 diabetes is a great interest particularly because we now understand that renalase functions as a cytokine. Future work on renalase should focus on exploring the identity of its receptor(s), and its potential role as an immune modulator.
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