Journal
CURRENT OPINION IN MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 11, Issue 2, Pages 100-105Publisher
CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2008.02.001
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R01GM084003] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM084003] Funding Source: Medline
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The small nucleotides pppGpp and ppGpp (or (p)ppGpp) are rapidly synthesized in response to nutritional stress. In Escherichia coli, the enzymes ReIA and SpoT are triggered by different starvation signals to produce (p)ppGpp. In many Gram-positive bacteria this is carried out by ReIA and two small homologs. (p)ppGpp, along with the transcription factor DksA, has profound effects on transcription initiation in E coli. (p)ppGpp/DksA exert differential effects on promoters by playing upon their intrinsic kinetic parameters, and by facilitating the utilization of alternative sigma factors. (p)ppGpp also regulates replication and translation. These studies highlight (p)ppGpp as a key factor in bacterial physiology that responds rapidly to diverse stresses, by shutting down growth and priming cellular defensive and adaptive processes.
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