Journal
CURRENT NEUROPHARMACOLOGY
Volume 12, Issue 4, Pages 324-333Publisher
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X12666140903094700
Keywords
Astrocytes; exocytosis; glutamate release; hepatic encephalopathy
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Funding
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [HD078678]
- Alzheimer's Research Trust (UK)
- European Commission
- IKERBASQUE
- Nizhny Novgorod State University
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Liver failure can lead to generalized hyperammonemia, which is thought to be the underlying cause of hepatic encephalopathy. This neuropsychiatric syndrome is accompanied by functional changes of astrocytes. These glial cells enter ammonia- induced self-amplifying cycle characterized by brain oedema, oxidative and osmotic stress that causes modification of proteins and RNA. Consequently, protein expression and function are affected, including that of glutamine synthetase and plasmalemmal glutamate transporters, leading to glutamate excitotoxicity; Ca2+-dependent exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes contributes to this extracellular glutamate overload.
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