Journal
CURRENT HIV RESEARCH
Volume 16, Issue 3, Pages 184-207Publisher
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.2174/1570162X16666180817115830
Keywords
HIV-1; immune response; restriction factors; IFN; RFs; ISGs
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Funding
- University of Bologna (RFO 2015)
- University of Bologna (RFO 2016)
- Italian Ministry of Education and Scientific Research under the PRIN (Progetti di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale) program (PRIN2015RE)
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Mammalian cells have evolved several mechanisms to prevent or block lentiviral infection and spread. Among the innate immune mechanisms, the signaling cascade triggered by type I interferon (IFN) plays a pivotal role in limiting the burden of HIV-1. In the presence of IFN, human cells upregulate the expression of a number of genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), many of them acting as antiviral restriction factors (RFs). RFs are dominant proteins that target different essential steps of the viral cycle, thereby providing an early line of defense against the virus. The identification and characterization of RFs have provided unique insights into the molecular biology of HIV-1, further revealing the complex host-pathogen interplay that characterizes the infection. The presence of RFs drove viral evolution, forcing the virus to develop specific proteins to counteract their activity. The knowledge of the mechanisms that prevent viral infection and their viral counterparts may offer new insights to improve current antiviral strategies. This review provides an overview of the RFs targeting HIV-1 replication and the mechanisms that regulate their expression as well as their impact on viral replication and the clinical course of the disease.
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