The Last Decade of Carbon Paste Electrodes in DNA Electrochemistry

A great progress in the development of electrochemical carbon paste sensors for DNA hybridization and DNA damage achieved in recent years suggests that these sensors may soon become important tools in medicine and other areas of practical life of the 21st century. The article illustrates a growing number of applications of carbon electrodes in analytical chemistry. Various modifications of carbon pastes and carbon paste-based biosensors are mentioned. This review focuses on the current state of the DNA electrochemical carbon sensors with emphasis on recent advances, challenges and trends. It covers mainly publications which appeared during the period 1999-2009.