Urinary podocalyxin, the novel biomarker for detecting early renal change in obesity

Background The prevalence of obesity is increasing during the past decade along with obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG), glomeruli injury due to the obesity. The major pathogenesis of ORG is the shedding of podocytes from the glomerular cell barrier into urine. Podocalyxin (PCX), a main surface antigen of podocyte, correlates well with glomerulosclerosis progression and glomerular injury severity, and might be a potential biomarker for early renal alteration in obesity. In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) also play a role in promoting glomerulosclerosis. The aim of this study was to explore whether obese subjects without other diseases excrete more PCX-positive (PCX+) cells than non-obese individuals, in comparison with urine protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as traditional renal markers. Moreover, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on urinary VEGF, PCX or alpha-SMA positive cells was also investigated. Methods Forty-eight obese and 13 non-obese adults were included. Exfoliated cells from fresh first void morning urine were harvested, stained with PCX, VEGF, and alpha-SMA antibody, and quantified by flow cytometry. Correlation between interested urinary biomarkers (cells positive for PCX, VEGF plus PCX and alpha-SMA), UPCR and GFR with BMI and metabolic risk factors were analyzed. Results Obese patients had significantly higher PCX+ cells than non-obese [0.62 (0.00-13.13) vs. 0.15 (0.00-0.72) cells/ml x mg cr, p < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in GFR and UPCR between the groups. Of interest, BMI demonstrated a correlation with PCX+ cells (r = 0.343, p = 0.008) and cells positive for PCX plus VEGF (r = 0.374, p = 0.004). Conclusion Obese subjects without other diseases and with normal UPCR and GFR showed evidence of renal alteration through the detection of a higher number of PCX+ cells. Increasing BMI also resulted in higher number of PCX+ cells.