Disease variation and chemical control of Ramularia leaf spot in sugar beet

Data from 1999 to 2009 on Ramularia leaf spot caused by Ramularia beticola in sugar beet showed that it was a serious disease in sugar beet in 5 out of 11 seasons. The severity and significance of the disease was found to vary depending on events with precipitation, particularly in two specific weeks in July and September. Several fungicides were found to give effective control, and positive net yield responses were found in 9 out of 11 seasons. The average sugar yield response varied in individual years between 0.7 and 2.2 t ha(-1). High levels of control of Ramularia leaf spot was obtained in field trials, a semi-field trial and an in vitro test using the compounds pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and propiconazole. Dose response trials with epoxiconazole from two seasons showed both reduced efficacy and yield responses from low doses. They also proved that the optimal input of fungicides varies significantly between seasons depending on disease severity. A sensitivity test of R. beticola to different fungicides showed a normal distribution of sensitivity with no sign of resistance development to either strobilurins or triazoles. Results from a semi-field trial showed both good preventive and curative effects with 84-100% disease control from epoxiconazole, difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin. In order to optimize an IPM control strategy better forecasting systems are needed along with cultivars providing higher levels of resistance to the disease. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.