Use of chitosan-based edible coatings in combination with other natural compounds, to control Rhizopus stolonifer and Escherichia coli DH5α in fresh tomatoes

During storage of tomatoes, Rhizopus stolonifer rapidly spreads towards adjacent fruits causing severe economic losses while Escherichia coli may cause serious even life threatening diseases. Chitosan-based materials can be used as edible films or coatings to avoid water loss and microbial spoilage. Waxes and essential oils may also be considered for use as antimicrobial agents in chitosan coating. In this study, various chitosan-based formulations (1%) mixed with beeswax (0.1%), oleic acid (1.0%), and lime or thyme essential oil (0.1%) were tested on tomato at three different maturity stages to control R. stolonifer and E. coli DH5 alpha at storage temperatures of 12 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Control fruit were only dipped in water. Overall, fruit were wounded, coated and inoculated. Once the coatings were applied, 20 mu l of R. stolonifer spore suspension at 10(5) spores ml(-1) concentration and 35 mu l of bacterial solution of E. coli DH5 alpha, at 10(5) cfu mu l(-1), concentration, were dispensed over the wounded surface. Experiments were carried out in vitro, at a small scale and at semi commercial level. Overall, the protection effect of coating applications was better against E. coli DH5 alpha than R. stoloinfer. For in vitro experiments the best coatings was that of chitosan (1%) + beeswax (0.1%) + lime essential oil (0.1%) since no growth of R. stolonifer and E. coli DH5a took place. Other coating that stopped R. stolonifer growth was that of chitosan (1%) + oleic acid (1%) + lime essential oil (0.1%) while for E. coli DN5 alpha were chitosan (1%) + beeswax (0.1%) + thyme essential oil (1%) and chitosan (1%) + beeswax (0.1%). Observation with an electronic scanning microscope showed distorted mycelia and no development of R. stolonifer sporangiospores, and no growth of E. coli DH5 alpha when both microorganisms were grown on the formulation of chitosan (1%) + beeswax (0.1%) + lime essential oil (0.1%). For E. coli DH5 alpha, this same formulation applied on tomatoes at a small scale and in the semi commercial level completely controlled E. coli DH5 alpha at both storage temperatures. The application of chitosan-based edible coating containing beeswax and lime essential oil is promising to follow since it is an environmentally-friendly alternative to control this important pathogenic microorganism. Export tomato producers might benefit from this nonchemical alternative. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.