Physiochemical characterization of five iron tubercles from a single drinking water distribution system: Possible new insights on their formation and growth

Physiochemical data were obtained for five iron tubercles from a single drinking water distribution system (DS). Texturally, there were two groups based on internal morphology: one with a core of soft brownish material marbled with veins of a hard black material, the other has a core consisting mostly of the hard, black material. Three iron mineral phases occur, alpha-FeOOH, gamma-FeOOH, or Fe3O4. All three coexist in each tubercle but in widely varying proportions. These iron pipe tubercles exhibit a greater diversity within a single DS than previously thought. Because the chemical conditions for the formation of each material is different, water quality parameters may not be the main control of tubercle formation and growth. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.