Journal
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE-JMM
Volume 94, Issue 2, Pages 155-171Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1307-x
Keywords
Warburg effect; Monocarboxylate Transporters; MCT; BASIGIN; Lactate; Cancer; Therapy
Funding
- Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisee LNCC)
- Fondation Association pour la Recherche conte le Cancer (ARC)
- Institut National du Cancer (INCa)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)
- EU-FP7 METOXIA
- SERVIER-CNRS
- Centre A. Lacassagne
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM)
- University of Nice
- LNCC
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Since Otto Warburg reported the 'addiction' of cancer cells to fermentative glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that provides energy and building blocks, thousands of studies have shed new light on the molecular mechanisms contributing to altered cancer metabolism. Hypoxia, through hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), in addition to oncogenes activation and loss of tumour suppressors constitute major regulators of not only the Warburg effect but also many other metabolic pathways such as glutaminolysis. Enhanced glucose and glutamine catabolism has become a recognised feature of cancer cells, leading to accumulation of metabolites in the tumour microenvironment, which offers growth advantages to tumours. Among these metabolites, lactic acid, besides imposing an acidic stress, is emerging as a key signalling molecule that plays a pivotal role in cancer cell migration, angiogenesis, immune escape and metastasis. Although interest in lactate for cancer development only appeared recently, pharmacological molecules blocking its metabolism are already in phase I/II clinical trials. Here, we review the metabolic pathways generating lactate, and we discuss the rationale for targeting lactic acid transporter complexes for the development of efficient and selective anticancer therapies.
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