Journal
COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES
Volume 37, Issue 9, Pages 1391-1399Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.001
Keywords
Calcareous boulders; Current velocity; Numerical simulation; Finite difference method; Field observation
Funding
- ANR
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Few studies have been conducted on modeling boulder transport by tsunamis despite considerable research on the analysis of boulder deposits. A detailed description of the derivation of governing equations for boulder transport in submerged, partially submerged, and subaerial (not in contact with fluid) is presented, and then a numerical model is proposed to solve the governing equations in one dimension. Subsequently, the model is used to analyze the transport of calcareous boulders detached from a seawall in Lhok Nga (northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia) by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. A few simulated transport distances match field observations, but the others are higher than the field measurements. Clast-to-clast interactions at the inception of transport would have a major impact on changes in transport distance, dissipating the energy in impulses as destruction of the seawall releases different sizes of boulders with different velocities. Moreover, surface microtopographical effects could completely stop the transport prematurely. The difference between the simulated results and the field observations is partly attributed to limitations of the numerical model. No landward fining was observed in the field measurements, but numerically predicted results showed a reasonable trend of landward fining. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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