Journal
COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Volume 35, Issue 3, Pages 241-252Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.12.002
Keywords
Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; T cell dysregulation; High antigen load; Persistent infection
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Funding
- NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI053692-10, R01 AI053692, R01 AI053692-05] Funding Source: Medline
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Anaplasma marginale is an obligate intraerythrocytic bacterium that infects ruminants, and notably causes severe economic losses in cattle worldwide. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects neutrophils and causes disease in many mammals, including ruminants, dogs, cats, horses, and humans. Both bacteria cause persistent infection - infected cattle never clear A. marginale and A. phagocytophilum can also cause persistent infection in ruminants and other animals for several years. This review describes correlates of the protective immune response to these two pathogens as well as subversion and dysregulation of the immune response following infection that likely contribute to long-term persistence. I also compare the immune dysfunction observed with intraerythrocytic A. marginale to that observed in other models of chronic infection resulting in high antigen loads, including malaria, a disease caused by another intraerythrocytic pathogen. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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