A practical guide to the Probability Density Approximation (PDA) with improved implementation and error characterization

A critical task in modeling is to determine how well the theoretical assumptions encoded in a model account for observations. Bayesian methods are an ideal framework for doing just this. Existing approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods however rely on often insufficient summary statistics. Here, I present and analyze a highly efficient extension of the recently proposed (Turner and Sederberg 2014) Probability Density Approximation (PDA) method, which circumvents this insufficiency. This method combines Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation with tools from non-parametric statistics to improve upon existing ABC methods. The primary contributions of this article are: (1) A more efficient implementation of this method that substantially improves computational performance is described. (2) Theoretical results describing the influence of methodological approximation errors on posterior estimation are discussed. In particular, while this method is highly accurate, even small errors have a strong influence on model comparisons when using standard statistical approaches (such as deviance information criterion). (3) An augmentation of the standard PDA procedure, termed resampled PDA, that reduces the negative influence of approximation errors on performance and accuracy, is presented. (4) A number of examples of varying complexity are presented along with supplementary code for their implementation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.