Regulation of the migration of endothelial cells by a gradient density of vascular endothelial growth factor

To investigate the effect of the surface gradient density of growth factor on the migration of endothelial cells (ECs), an approach to fabricate a gradient density of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) onto silicon slides has been developed in this study. Our approach involves gradual injection of 3-glycidoxypropyltrimeth oxysilane (GPTMS) and then back filling with 3-triethoxysilylpropyl succinicanhydride (TESPSA) to produce a gradient density of carboxyl groups (-COOH) onto the silicon slides. The -COOH moieties were then activated for the immobilization of VEGF, which leading to a surface gradient density of VEGF. The successful formation of both carboxyl and VEGF gradient densities were confirmed by contact angle measurement, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CISM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The treated silicon slide displayed a gradient density of VEGF from 54 to 132 ng/cm(2) with a slope of 7.8 ng/cm(2)/mm. ECs cultured on the surface gradient density of VEGF demonstrated preferential orientation and an enhanced directional migration behavior. Up to 72% of cells migrated towards the region with high surface density of VEGF. However, the gradient density of VEGF had no significant effect on the cell migration rate. The study provides an alternative to explore chemical-directing cells migration, which is essentially important for understanding cell migration/in-growth behavior for angiogenesis involved in implant technology. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.