The role of Thymoglobulin induction in kidney transplantation: an update

The rabbit antithymocyte globulin Thymoglobulin first became available over 25 yr ago and is the most widely used lymphocyte-depleting preparation in solid organ transplantation. Thymoglobulin targets a wide range of T-cell surface antigens as well as natural killer-cell antigens, B-cell antigens, plasma cell antigens, adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors, resulting in profound, long-lasting T-cell depletion. Randomized studies have established the anti-rejection efficacy of Thymoglobulin in kidney transplantation. Experimental and clinical data suggest that Thymoglobulin administration may ameliorate ischemia reperfusion injury, thus reducing the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF). Studies have demonstrated the benefit of using Thymoglobulin to facilitate immunosuppression minimization, both for corticosteroid and calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal or avoidance, with potential improvement in cardiovascular and renal outcomes. The optimal cumulative dose for Thymoglobulin induction is 67.5 mg/kg, with vigilant short- and long-term monitoring of hematological status. Induction with Thymoglobulin is now indicated in immunologically high-risk patients, in those at increased risk of DGF and to maintain efficacy in low-risk transplant recipients receiving steroid or CNI minimization or avoidance regimens. We suggest that in future trials Thymoglobulin be tested with costimulation signal blockers and other immunosuppressants with the objective of establishing operational tolerance.