Prevalence and predictors of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients with Type 2 diabetes

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of an abnormal echocardiogram in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Cardiac function and structure were rigorously assessed by comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic techniques in 229 patients with Type 2 diabetes. Cardiovascular risk factors and diabetic complications were assessed, and predictors of an abnormal echocardiogram were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. An abnormal echocardiogram was present in 166 patients (72%). LVH (left ventricular hypertrophy) occurred in 116 patients (51%), and cardiac dysfunction was found in 146 patients (64%), of whom 109 had diastolic dysfunction alone and 37 had systolic +/- diastolic dysfunction. Independent predictors of an abnormal echocardiogram were obesity, age, the number of anti hypertensive drugs used (all P < 0.001) and creatinine clearance (P < 0.05). The risk of an abnormal echocardiogram increased by 9% for each year over 50 years of age {OR (odds ratio), 1.09 [95% CI (confidence interval), 1.04-1.15}1, 3-fold if obesity was present [BMI (body mass index) > 30; OR, 4.2 (95% CI, 1.9-9.0)] and by 80% for each antihypertensive agent used [OR, 1.8 (95% CI, 1.3-2.4) per agent]. In conclusion, an abnormal cardiac echocardiogram is common in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Importantly, although cardiac abnormalities can be predicted by traditional risk factors, such as age, obesity and renal function, the absence of micro- or macro-vascular complications does not predict a normal echocardiogram. We suggest that an echocardiogram identifies those with Type 2 diabetes at increased cardiovascular risk due to occult LVH and diastolic dysfunction, and this information may lead to more aggressive management of known risk factors in the clinic.