Journal
JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
Volume 96, Issue 2, Pages 417-424Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv043
Keywords
endoparasite; immunocompetence handicap hypothesis; sex-biased parasitism; sexual selection; Vulpes lagopus
Categories
Funding
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Northern Scientific Training Program (Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, Government of Canada)
- Churchill Northern Studies Centre (CNSC) Northern Research Fund
- Canada Foundation for Innovation
- University of Manitoba Faculty of Science Graduate Scholarship
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Male-biased parasite loads are common in vertebrates, particularly in species with intense sexual selection, yet few studies have examined sex-biased parasite loads in monogamous species with low sexual selection and no differential investment in ornaments or other sexually selected traits. The circumpolar arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) is a socially monogamous predator with low sexual selection; both parents invest heavily in their young. To determine if parasite loads (abundance and intensity) in arctic foxes vary with sex, age, or diet, we identified and enumerated parasites in arctic fox carcasses collected in winter from local trappers at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. We measured stable isotope ratios in muscle samples as a proxy for diet. Males had more cestodes, which are only transmitted through prey, but numbers of nematodes, which are acquired by direct transmission, did not differ between sexes. delta N-15 values were lower in males, suggesting greater reliance on small mammals. Age did not affect diet or the number of cestodes, but the species of cestodes differed by age; for example, Echinococcus multilocularis was present only in subadults (<1 year old). Nematodes were more abundant in subadults, likely because pups spend more time at dens in high densities, increasing exposure. Intraspecific differences in arctic fox parasites are best explained by variation in diet and foraging patterns, rather than hormone-mediated reduction in immunity. These results suggest that in monogamous species, males may not suffer compromised immunity as seen in species with strong sexual selection.
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