The Use of Cefepime for Treating AmpC β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae

Background. AmpC beta-lactamase-producing organisms are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Induction of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins after exposure to these agents complicates treatment options and carbapenems are considered optimal therapy. The role of cefepime, however, remains unclear. Our objective was to compare clinical outcomes for patients receiving cefepime compared with meropenem for invasive infections caused by organisms expressing AmpC beta-lactamases. Methods. Hospitalized patients with blood, bronchoalveolar lavage, or intra-abdominal fluid cultures growing Enterobacter spp, Serratia spp, or Citrobacter spp were evaluated using the cefotetan-boronic acid disk test and the cefotetan-cloxacillin Etest to identify organisms with AmpC beta-lactamase production from February 2010 to January 2011. In patients with organisms hyperproducing AmpC beta-lactamases (positive by both methods), clinical outcomes for patients receiving cefepime or meropenem therapy were compared. To minimize the possibility of treatment selection bias, 1: 1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching was performed prior to regression analysis. Results. Of 399 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 96 (24%) had confirmed infections with AmpC beta-lactamase-producing organisms. Propensity score matching of patients infected with AmpC beta-lactamase-positive organisms treated with cefepime or meropenem yielded 32 well-balanced patient pairs with no difference in 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], .23-2.11; P = .36) or length of hospital stay after infection (relative risk, 0.96; 95% CI, .79-1.26; P = .56) between the 2 groups. Conclusions. Cefepime may be a reasonable option for the treatment of invasive infections due to AmpC beta-lactamase-producing organisms, particularly when adequate source control is achieved.