Journal
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Volume 57, Issue 5, Pages 704-710Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit355
Keywords
antibiotic resistance; environment; human resistant infections
Categories
Funding
- Canadian Society of Microbiologists
- AstraZeneca
- Pfizer Animal Health
- F. Hoffman-La Roche
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Unilever
- Huvepharma
- American Cleaning Institute
- Canadian Animal Health Institute
- German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
- Health Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Swedish Research Council
- Canadian Society of Microbiology
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Antibiotic resistance and associated genes are ubiquitous and ancient, with most genes that encode resistance in human pathogens having originated in bacteria from the natural environment (eg, beta-lactamases and fluoroquinolones resistance genes, such as qnr). The rapid evolution and spread of new antibiotic resistance genes has been enhanced by modern human activity and its influence on the environmental resistome. This highlights the importance of including the role of the environmental vectors, such as bacterial genetic diversity within soil and water, in resistance risk management. We need to take more steps to decrease the spread of resistance genes in environmental bacteria into human pathogens, to decrease the spread of resistant bacteria to people and animals via foodstuffs, wastes and water, and to minimize the levels of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria introduced into the environment. Reducing this risk must include improved management of waste containing antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant microorganisms.
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