Journal
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Volume 55, Issue 1, Pages 405-407Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507070
Keywords
endoperoxide; graphene oxides; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; toxicity
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Funding
- Boehringer Ingelheim Stiftung [PLUS3]
- German Research Council [MA1418/8-1, EI 938/3-1, SFB 953]
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nurnberg
- FAU Erlangen-Nurnberg
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Potential biomedicinal applications of graphene oxide (GO), for example, as a carrier of biomolecules or a reagent for photothermal therapy and biosensing, are limited by its cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. It is believed that these properties are at least partially caused by GO-induced oxidative stress in cells. However, it is not known which chemical fragments of GO are responsible for this unfavorable effect. We generated four GOs containing variable redox-active groups on the surface, including Mn2+, C-centered radicals, and endoperoxides (EPs). A comparison of the abilities of these materials to generate reactive oxygen species in human cervical cancer cells revealed that EPs play a crucial role in GO-induced oxidative stress. These data could be applied to the rational design of biocompatible nontoxic GOs for biomedical applications.
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