Journal
CIRCULATION RESEARCH
Volume 106, Issue 11, Pages 1681-U46Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.213645
Keywords
gender difference; cardioprotection; mitochondria; proteomics; aldehyde dehydrogenase
Funding
- NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- NIH [R01-HL39752]
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Rationale: Although premenopausal females have a lower risk for cardiovascular disease, the mechanism(s) are poorly understood. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that cardioprotection in females is mediated by altered mitochondrial protein levels and/or posttranslational modifications. Methods and Results: Using both an in vivo and an isolated heart model of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), we found that females had less injury than males. Using proteomic methods we found that female hearts had increased phosphorylation and activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 2, an enzyme that detoxifies reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generated aldehyde adducts, and that an activator of ALDH2 reduced I/R injury in males but had no significant effect in females. Wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, blocked the protection and the increased phosphorylation of ALDH2 in females, but had no effect in males. Furthermore, we found an increase in phosphorylation of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (alpha KGDH) in female hearts. alpha KGDH is a major source of ROS generation particularly with a high NADH/NAD ratio which occurs during I/R. We found decreased ROS generation in permeabilized female mitochondria given alpha KGDH substrates and NADH, suggesting that increased phosphorylation of alpha KGDH might reduce ROS generation by alpha KGDH. In support of this hypothesis, we found that protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of purified alpha KGDH reduced ROS generation. Additionally, myocytes from female hearts had less ROS generation following I/R than males and addition of wortmannin increased ROS generation in females to the same levels as in males. Conclusions: These data suggest that posttranslational modifications can modify ROS handling and play an important role in female cardioprotection. (Circ Res. 2010; 106: 1681-1691.)
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