Journal
CIRCULATION
Volume 127, Issue 5, Pages 613-623Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.115428
Keywords
heart block; heart failure; pacemakers; pacing; pediatrics
Funding
- Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic [NT 12321-3/2011]
- Project for Conceptual Development of Research Organization (Ministry of Health, Czech Republic) [00064203]
- Dr E. Dekker Grant for Research Fellow in Pediatric Cardiology, Dutch Heart Foundation [NHS-2010T078]
- Medtronic
- Boston Scientific
- MSD
- EBR Systems
- Proteus Biomedical
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Background-We evaluated the effects of the site of ventricular pacing on left ventricular (LV) synchrony and function in children requiring permanent pacing. Methods and Results-One hundred seventy-eight children (aged < 18 years) from 21 centers with atrioventricular block and a structurally normal heart undergoing permanent pacing were studied cross-sectionally. Median age at evaluation was 11.2 (interquartile range, 6.3-15.0) years. Median pacing duration was 5.4 (interquartile range, 3.1-8.8) years. Pacing sites were the free wall of the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract (n=8), lateral RV (n=44), RV apex (n=61), RV septum (n=29), LV apex (n=12), LV midlateral wall (n=17), and LV base (n=7). LV synchrony, pump function, and contraction efficiency were significantly affected by pacing site and were superior in children paced at the LV apex/LV midlateral wall. LV dyssynchrony correlated inversely with LV ejection fraction (R=0.80, P=0.031). Pacing from the RV outflow tract/lateral RV predicted significantly decreased LV function (LV ejection fraction < 45%; odds ratio, 10.72; confidence interval, 2.07-55.60; P=0.005), whereas LV apex/LV midlateral wall pacing was associated with preserved LV function (LV ejection fraction >= 55%; odds ratio, 8.26; confidence interval, 1.46-47.62; P=0.018). Presence of maternal autoantibodies, gender, age at implantation, duration of pacing, DDD mode, and QRS duration had no significant impact on LV ejection fraction. Conclusions-The site of ventricular pacing has a major impact on LV mechanical synchrony, efficiency, and pump function in children who require lifelong pacing. Of the sites studied, LV apex/LV midlateral wall pacing has the greatest potential to prevent pacing-induced reduction of cardiac pump function. (Circulation. 2013;127:613-623.)
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