Journal
CIRCULATION
Volume 119, Issue 19, Pages 2568-U74Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798561
Keywords
AMP-activated protein kinase; heart failure; metformin; nitric oxide
Funding
- Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare-Japan
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Japan
- Japan Heart Foundation
- Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation
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Background-Some studies have shown that metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and has a potent cardioprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Because AMPK also is activated in animal models of heart failure, we investigated whether metformin decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and attenuates the progression of heart failure in dogs. Methods and Results-Treatment with metformin (10 mu mol/L) protected cultured cardiomyocytes from cell death during exposure to H2O2 (50 mu mol/L) via AMPK activation, as shown by the MTT assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, and flow cytometry. Continuous rapid ventricular pacing (230 bpm for 4 weeks) caused typical heart failure in dogs. Both left ventricular fractional shortening and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were significantly improved in dogs treated with oral metformin at 100 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) (n=8) (18.6 +/- 1.8% and 11.8 +/- 1.1 mm Hg, respectively) compared with dogs receiving vehicle (n=8) (9.6 +/- 0.7% and 22 +/- 0.9 mm Hg, respectively). Metformin also promoted phosphorylation of both AMPK and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, increased plasma nitric oxide levels, and improved insulin resistance. As a result of these effects, metformin decreased apoptosis and improved cardiac function in failing canine hearts. Interestingly, another AMPK activator (AICAR) had effects equivalent to those of metformin, suggesting the primary role of AMPK activation in reducing apoptosis and preventing heart failure. Conclusions-Metformin attenuated oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and prevented the progression of heart failure in dogs, along with activation of AMPK. Therefore, metformin may be a potential new therapy for heart failure. (Circulation. 2009; 119: 2568-2577.)
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