Journal
JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON
Volume 12, Issue -, Pages -Publisher
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0069-0
Keywords
Apolipoprotein A-IV; TNF-alpha; IL-6; Fatty acid; Linoleic acid
Categories
Funding
- NIH [DK 59630, DK 92138, DK 76928, DK95440, DK92779]
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Background: Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is a protein mainly synthesized by enterocytes in the intestine. Its gene expression is suppressed during fasting and stimulated during active fat absorption. Chronic feeding of a high-fat (HF) diet abolishes the differential expression between fasting and fat-feeding and therefore may contribute to diet-induced obesity since apoA-IV is a potent satiety factor. It is well established that the circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 are increased by HF feeding. Methods: To determine whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the diminished response of apoA-IV gene expression to fat-feeding, different concentrations of linoleic acid (LA), an important dietary fatty acid, was used to stimulate apoA-IV expression in human intestinal Caco2 cells. Cells were pre-treated with or without human recombinant TNF-alpha, IL-6 or their combination before the addition of LA. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to detect and quantify RNA transcripts and proteins of apoA-IV and the cytokines. Results: LA stimulated gene and protein expression of apoA-IV in a dose and time dependent manner. Pre-treatment with the cytokines for 72 h significantly inhibited the increased expression of apoA-IV gene and protein induced by LA. Furthermore, the cytokines, especially TNF-alpha, also positively up-regulate the cytokine themselves in Caco2 cells. Conclusions: Our data indicate that the pro-inflammatory cytokines may be responsible for the reduced apoA-IV production in response to fat feeding. Because of apoA-IV's role in satiety, we propose the inhibitory effect of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines on apoA-IV production contributes to diet-induced obesity.
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