Journal
ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION
Volume 54, Issue 50, Pages 15094-15099Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505487
Keywords
Birnessite; crystal water; layered cathode materials; phase transitions; spinels
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Funding
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Korea government (MEST) [NRF-2012-R1A2A1A01011970, NRF-2010-C1AAA001-0029031, NRF-2014R1A4A1003712]
- JST-CREST
- BK21PLUS program
- NPRP from the Qatar National Research Fund (Qatar Foundation) [5-569-2-232]
- [15K17434]
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15K17434] Funding Source: KAKEN
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The phase transition of layered manganese oxides to spinel phases is a well-known phenomenon in rechargeable batteries and is the main origin of the capacity fading in these materials. This spontaneous phase transition is associated with the intrinsic properties of manganese, such as its size, preferred crystal positions, and reaction characteristics, and it is therefore very difficult to avoid. The introduction of crystal water by an electrochemical process enables the inverse phase transition from spinel to a layered Birnessite structure. Scanning transmission electron microscopy can be used to directly visualize the rearrangement of lattice atoms, the simultaneous insertion of crystal water, the formation of a transient structure at the phase boundary, and layer-by-layer progression of the phase transition from the edge. This research indicates that crystal water intercalation can reverse phase transformation with thermodynamically favored directionality.
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