A review on TiO2 nanotube arrays: Fabrication, properties, and sensing applications

Fabrication, properties, and sensing applications of TiO2 nanotubes have been reviewed, and the highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays made by anodic oxidation in fluoride-contained electrolytes highlighted. The effect of anodization parameters (electrolyte, pH, and voltage) on the titania nanotube size and shape were discussed. The excellent biocompatibility of TiO2, the high orientation, the large surface area with tunable pore sizes, as well as the high electron transfer rate along with the nanotubes make TiO2 nanotube array an ideal substrate for the sensor's fabrication and application. The sensors based on the TiO2 nanotube arrays for sensing hydrogen, oxygen, humidity, glucose and hydrogen peroxide all exhibited low detection limit, high stability, very good reproducibility and high sensitivity.