Journal
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
Volume 195, Issue 2, Pages 576-586Publisher
AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500458
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Funding
- National Institutes of Health Grant [R24-AI-059830]
- National Science Foundation Grant [IOS-1456213]
- Kesel Fund Award [20115123]
- Life Sciences Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Division Of Integrative Organismal Systems
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1456213] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Nonclassical MHC class Ib-restricted invariant T (iT) cell subsets are attracting interest because of their potential to regulate immune responses against various pathogens. The biological relevance and evolutionary conservation of iT cells have recently been strengthened by the identification of iT cells (invariant V alpha 6 [iV alpha 6]) restricted by the nonclassical MHC class Ib molecule XNC10 in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. These iV alpha 6 T cells are functionally similar to mammalian CD1d-restricted invariant NKT cells. Using the amphibian pathogen frog virus 3 (FV3) in combination with XNC10 tetramers and RNA interference loss of function by transgenesis, we show that XNC10-restricted iV alpha 6 T cells are critical for early antiviral immunity in adult X. laevis. Within hours following i.p. FV3 infection, iV alpha 6 T cells were specifically recruited from the spleen into the peritoneum. XNC10 deficiency and concomitant lack of iV alpha 6 T cells resulted in less effective antiviral and macrophage antimicrobial responses, which led to impaired viral clearance, increased viral dissemination, and more pronounced FV3-induced kidney damage. Together, these findings imply that X. laevis XNC10-restricted iV alpha 6 T cells play important roles in the early anti-FV3 response and that, as has been suggested for mammalian invariant NKT cells, they may serve as immune regulators polarizing macrophage effector functions toward more effective antiviral states.
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