Journal
CHEMSUSCHEM
Volume 6, Issue 9, Pages 1745-1758Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201300332
Keywords
biomass; carbohydrates; furans; reaction mechanisms; structure elucidation
Funding
- Netherlands Ministry of Economic Affairs
- Netherlands Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
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Neither the routes through which humin byproducts are formed, nor their molecular structure have yet been unequivocally established. A better understanding of the formation and physicochemical properties of humins, however, would aid in making biomass conversion processes more efficient. Here, an extensive multiple-technique-based study of the formation, molecular structure, and morphology of humins is presented as a function of sugar feed, the presence of additives (e.g., 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene), and the applied processing conditions. Elemental analyses indicate that humins are formed through a dehydration pathway, with humin formation and levulinic acid yields strongly depending on the processing parameters. The addition of implied intermediates to the feedstocks showed that furan and phenol compounds formed during the acid-catalyzed dehydration of sugars are indeed included in the humin structure. IR spectra, sheared sum projections of solid-state 2DPASS (CNMR)-C-13 spectra, and pyrolysis GC-MS data indicate that humins consist of a furan-rich polymer network containing different oxygen functional groups. The structure is furthermore found to strongly depend on the type of feedstock. A model for the molecular structure of humins is proposed based on the data presented.
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