Journal
CHEMSUSCHEM
Volume 1, Issue 8-9, Pages 676-697Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200800087
Keywords
energy conversion; energy storage; materials science; nanostructures
Funding
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- U.S. Deportment of Energy (DOE)
- Battelle Memorial Institute for the Deportment of Energy [DE-AC05-76 L01830]
- University of Washington
- National Science Foundation [DMI-0455994, DMR-0605159]
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research [FA9550-06-1-032]
- Department of Energy [DE-FG02-07ER46467]
- Washington Technology Center
- Washington Research Foundation
- EnerG2, LLC
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Recently, the role of nonostructured materials in addressing the challenges in energy and natural resources has attracted wide attention. In particular, oriented nonostructures demonstrate promising properties for energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and application of oriented nanostructures in a few key areas of energy technologies, namely photovoltaics, batteries, supercapacitors, and thermoelectrics. Although the applications differ from field to field, a common fundamental challenge is to improve the generation and transport of electrons and ions. We highlight the role of high surface area to maximize the surface activity and discuss the importance of optimum dimension and architecture, controlled pore channels, and alignment of the nonocrystalline phase to optimize the transport of electrons and ions. Finally, we discuss the challenges in attaining integrated architectures to achieve the desired performance. Brief background information is provided for the relevant technologies, but the emphasis is focused mainly on the nanoscale effects of mostly inorganic-based materials and devices.
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