Journal
CHEMOSPHERE
Volume 92, Issue 8, Pages 969-978Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.070
Keywords
Pharmaceutical; Sulfamethoxazole; 3-Amino-5-methyl-isoxazole; 3-Amino-isoxazole; Isoxazole; Hydroxyl-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-3-yl)benzene-1-sulfonamide
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Funding
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Public Health
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Potential aerobic biodegradation mechanisms of the widely used polar, low-adsorptive sulfonamide antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were investigated in activated sludge at bench scale. The study focused on (i) SMX co-metabolism with acetate and ammonium nitrate and (ii) SMX utilization when present as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. With SMX adsorption being negligible, elimination was primarily based on biodegradation. Activated sludge was able to utilize SMX both as a carbon and/or nitrogen source. SMX biodegradation was enhanced when a readily degradable energy supply (acetate) was provided which fostered metabolic activity. Moreover, it was raised under nitrogen deficiency conditions. The mass balance for dissolved organic carbon showed an incomplete SMX mineralization with two scenarios: (i) with SMX as a co-substrate, 3-amino-5-methyl-isoxazole represented the main stable metabolite and (ii) SMX as sole carbon and nitrogen source possibly yielded hydroxyl-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-3-yl)benzene-1-sulfonamide as a further metabolite. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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