Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 20, Issue 51, Pages 16943-16952Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405122
Keywords
energetic materials; nitrogen heterocycles; N-oxides; structure elucidation; tetrazines
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Funding
- ONR [NOOO14-12-1-0536]
- DTRA [HDTRA 1-11-1-0034]
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One route to high density and high performance energetic materials based on 1,2,4,5-tetrazine is the introduction of 2,4-di-N-oxide functionalities. Based on several examples and through theoretical analysis, the strategy of regioselective introduction of these moieties into 1,2,4,5-tetrazines has been developed. Using this methodology, various new tetrazine structures containing the N-oxide functionality were synthesized and fully characterized using IR, NMR, and mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal Xray analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (50%) was used very effectively in lieu of the usual 90% peroxide in this system to generate N-oxide tetrazine compounds successfully. Comparison of the experimental densities of N-oxide 1,2,4,5-tetrazine compounds with their 1,2,4,5-tetrazine precursors shows that introducing the N-oxide functionality is a highly effective and feasible method to enhance the density of these materials. The heats of formation for all compounds were calculated with Gaussian 03 (revision D.01) and these values were combined with measured densities to calculate detonation pressures (P) and velocities (v(D)) of these energetic materials (Explo 5.0 v.6.01). The new oxygen-containing tetrazines exhibit high density, good thermal stability, acceptable oxygen balance, positive heat of formation, and excellent detonation properties, which, in some cases, are superior to those of 1,3,5-tritnitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitrotriazacyclohexane (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX).
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