Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 20, Issue 21, Pages 6300-6308Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304897
Keywords
aggregation; charge recombination; dyes; pigments; phenothiazine; solar cells
Categories
Funding
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [91222201]
- Hong Kong Research Grants Council [HKBU202210, HKBU202811, HKBU203011]
- Hong Kong Baptist University [FRG2/12-13/050]
- University Grants Committee, Hong Kong [AoE/P-03/08]
- Science, Technology and Innovation Committee of Shenzhen Municipality [JCYJ20120829154440583, JCYJ20120615155451326]
- CUHK
- [4053012]
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A series of simple phenothiazine-based dyes, namely, TP, EP, TTP, ETP, and EEP have been developed, in which the thiophene (T), ethylenedioxythiophene (E), their dimers, and mixtures are present to modulate dye aggregation, charge recombination, and dye regeneration for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) applications. Devices sensitized by the dyes TP and TTP display high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 8.07 (J(sc)=15.2mAcm(-2), V-oc=0.783V, fill factor (FF)=0.679) and 7.87% (J(sc)=16.1mAcm(-2), V-oc=0.717V, FF=0.681), respectively; these were measured under simulated AM 1.5 sunlight in conjunction with the I-/I-3(-) redox couple. By replacing the T group with the E unit, EP-based DSSCs had a slightly lower PCE of 7.98% with a higher short-circuit photocurrent (J(sc)) of 16.7mAcm(-2). The dye ETP, with a mixture of E and T, had an even lower PCE of 5.62%. Specifically, the cell based on the dye EEP, with a dimer of E, had inferior J(sc) and V-oc values and corresponded to the lowest PCE of 2.24%. The results indicate that the photovoltaic performance can be finely modulated through structural engineering of the dyes. The selection of T analogues as donors can not only modulate light absorption and energy levels, but also have an impact on dye aggregation and interfacial charge recombination of electrons at the interface of titania, electrolytes, and/or oxidized dye molecules; this was demonstrated through DFT calculations, electrochemical impedance analysis, and transient photovoltage studies.
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