Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 18, Issue 8, Pages 2305-2312Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101514
Keywords
gas chromatography; nanoparticles; reaction mechanisms; sol-gel processes; tungsten; X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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Funding
- University of Wuppertal
- Swiss National Science Foundation [200021-119741]
- ETH Zurich
- DANSCAT
- Danish Strategic Research Council (Nanoparticle Design)
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021_119741] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
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Insight into the complex chemical mechanism for the formation of tungstite nanoparticles obtained by the reaction of tungsten hexachloride with benzyl alcohol is presented herein. The organic and inorganic species involved in the formation of the nanoparticles were studied by time-dependent gas chromatography and X-ray diffraction as well as by time-resolved in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Principal component analysis revealed two intermediates, which were identified as WCl4 and WOCl4 by using linear combination analysis. Quick-scanning extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy enabled the time-dependent evolution of the starting compound, the intermediates and the product to be monitored over the full reaction period. The reaction starts with fast chlorine substitution and partial reduction during the dissolution of the tungsten hexachloride in benzyl alcohol followed by the generation of intermediates with W=O double bonds and finally the construction of the W-O-W network of the tungstite structure.
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