Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 1456-1464Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002171
Keywords
boric acid; catalysis; furfural; glucose; ionic liquids
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Funding
- Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation in cooperation with Novozymes A/S
- Danish Council for Independent Research & Technology and Production Sciences
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The dehydration of glucose and other hexose carbohydrates to 5(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) was investigated in imidazolium-based ionic liquids with boric acid as a promoter. A yield of up to 42% from glucose and as much as 66% from sucrose was obtained. The yield of HMF decreased as the concentration of boric acid exceeded one equivalent, most likely as a consequence of stronger fructose-borate chelate complexes being formed. Computational modeling with DFT calculations confirmed that the formation of 1:1 glucose-borate complexes facilitated the conversion pathway from glucose to fructose. Deuterium-labeling studies elucidated that the isomerization proceeded via an ene-diol mechanism, which is different to that of the enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of glucose to fructose. The introduced nonmetal system containing boric acid provides a new direction in the search for catalyst systems allowing efficient HMF formation from biorenewable sources.
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