Journal
CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Volume 16, Issue 20, Pages 5942-5960Publisher
WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903063
Keywords
hydration number; ion channels; ion pairs; salt effect; water chemistry
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Funding
- Long Island University
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Contrary to current widely held beliefs, many concentrated aqueous solutions of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes behave ideally. For both, the same simple equation yields mole fractions of water that are equal to the theoretical activities of water. No empirical activity coefficients or ad hoc parameters are needed. Thermodynamic hydration numbers and the number of particles produced per mole of solute are found by searching freezing-point depression measurements, as if asking the water, How much available water solvent is left and how many solute particles are there? The results answer questions currently under debate: Do solutes alter the nature of water outside their immediate surroundings? What is the number of ion pairs formed by various electrolytes and what affects extents of their formation? What are some factors that cause precipitation of proteins, latexes, and so forth from aqueous solutions upon addition of other solutes (Hofmeister series)? Which nonelectrolytes form aggregates in water and what are the implications? Why do different solutes affect viscosity differently? How do ion-selective channels in cell membranes function at the molecular level?
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