Journal
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
Volume 26, Issue 21, Pages 6272-6280Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/cm5031415
Keywords
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC05-000R22725]
- Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy for the Vehicle Technologies Office's Applied Battery Research Program (Program Managers: Peter Faguy and David Howell)
- Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
- VTO's ABR Program
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High-voltage layered lithium- and manganese-rich (LMR) oxides have the potential to dramatically enhance the energy density of current Li-ion energy storage systems. However, these materials are currently not used commonly; one reason is their inability to maintain a consistent voltage profile (voltage fade) during electrochemical cycling. This report rationalizes the cause of this voltage fade by providing evidence of layered to spinel (LS) structural evolution pathways in the host Li1.2Mn0.55Ni0.15Co0.1O2 oxide. By employing neutron powder diffraction, we show that LS structural rearrangement in the LMR oxide occurs through a tetrahedral cation intermediate via the following: (i) diffusion of lithium atoms from octahedral to tetrahedral sites of the lithium layer [(LiLioct -> LiLitet] which is followed by the dispersal of the lithium ions from the adjacent octahedral site of the metal layer to the tetrahedral sites of lithium layer [LiTMoct -> LiLitet]; (ii) migration of Mn from the octahedral sites of the transition-metal layer to the permanent octahedral site of lithium layer via tetrahedral site of lithium layer [MnTMoct -> MnLitet -> MnLioct)]. These findings open the door to potential routes to mitigate this atomic restructuring in the high-voltage LMR composite oxide by manipulating their composition/structure for practical use in high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
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