Journal
CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
Volume 25, Issue 5, Pages 754-760Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/cm303851w
Keywords
in situ neutron diffraction; structure-property relationships; lithium occupancy; battery; lithium manganate; cathode; neutron scattering
Funding
- ANSTO within the Bragg Institute
- MOST [2010DFA61770]
- NSFC [21073046]
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Lithium-ion batteries are undergoing rapid development to meet the energy demands of the transportation and renewable energy-generation sectors. The capacity of a lithium-ion battery is dependent on the amount of lithium that can be reversibly incorporated into the cathode. This work directly quantifies the time- and current-dependent lithium transfer within a cathode functioning under conventional charge-discharge cycling. We examine Li1+yMn2O4 under real working conditions using in situ neutron powder diffraction and link the atomic-scale structure to the battery performance. The lithium location and content, oxygen positional parameter, and lattice parameter of the cathode are measured and linked to the battery's charge/discharge characteristics. Lithium insertion (discharge) differs from extraction (charge), a feature that may explain the relative ease of discharge (compared with charge) of this material. An atomic-scale understanding of cathode functionality, such as revealed here, will direct improvements in battery performance at both the practical and the fundamental level.
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