Journal
ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE
Volume 6, Issue 4, Pages 508-521Publisher
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/cn500363g
Keywords
Angiotensin converting enzyme; Alzheimer's disease; hypertension; neurodegeneration; neuropathic pain; ramipril
Funding
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Neurodegenerative research division, Akal College of Pharmacy & Technical Education, Mastuana Sahib, Sangrur, Punjab (India)
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Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a dipeptidyl peptidase transmembrane bound enzyme. Generally, ACE inhibitors are used for the cardiovascular disorders. ACE inhibitors are primary agents for the management of hypertension, so these cannot be avoided for further use. The present Review focuses on the implications of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and diabetic neuropathy. ACE inhibitors such as ramipril, captopril, perindopril, quinapril, lisinopril, enalapril, and trandolapril have been documented to ameliorate the above neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegeneration occurs not only by angiotensin II, but also by other endogenous factors, such as the formation of free radicals, amyloid beta, immune reactions, and activation of calcium dependent enzymes. ACE inhibitors interact with the above cellular mechanisms. Thus, these may act as a promising factor for future medicine for neurological disorders beyond the cardiovascular actions. Central acting ACE inhibitors can be useful in the future for the management of neuropathic pain due to following actions: (i) ACE-2 converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin((1-7)) (hepatapeptide) which produces neuroprotective action; (ii) ACE inhibitors downregulate kinin B-1 receptors in the peripheral nervous system which is responsible for neuropathic pain. However, more extensive research is required in the field of neuropathic pain for the utilization of ACE inhibitors in human.
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