Journal
CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY
Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 782-791Publisher
CELL PRESS
DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.04.010
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Funding
- NIH [CA127622, CA100851]
- German-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development [GIF 23 1102/2010]
- Sao Paulo Research Foundation [FAPESP 2011/21358-5]
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Hydroamination reactions involving the addition of an amine to an inactivated alkene are entropically prohibited and require strong chemical catalysts. While this synthetic process is efficient at generating substituted amines, there is no equivalent in small molecule-mediated enzyme inhibition. We report an unusual mechanism of proteasome inhibition that involves a hydroamination reaction of alkene derivatives of the epoxyketone natural product carmaphycin. We show that the carmaphycin enone first forms a hemiketal intermediate with the catalytic Thr1 residue of the proteasome before cyclization by an unanticipated intramolecular alkene hydroamination reaction, resulting in a stable six-membered morpholine ring. The carmaphycin enone electrophile, which does not undergo a 1,4-Michael addition as previously observed with vinyl sulfone and alpha,beta-unsaturated amide-based inhibitors, is partially reversible and gives insight into the design of proteasome inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy.
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