Metal-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions: Useful Synthetic Tools for the Preparation of Polycyclic Arenes

This account summarizes our recent efforts to synthesize numerous important and interesting polycyclic arenes under mild conditions using metal-catalyzed protocols. The palladium-catalyzed annulations of 2-iodobiphenyls or 2,2-diiodobiphenyls with alkynes efficiently generated phenanthrene derivatives. This synthetic method was utilized as the key step when preparing phenanthrene-based alkaloids, tetrabenzopyracylenes and persubstituted [8]circulenes. Depending on whether a palladium or nickel catalytic system was used, 1-ethynyl-8-iodonaphthalenes underwent either a cyclodimerization or a nitrile-incorporated cascade reaction to produce zethrenes or pyrroloarenes, respectively. Methylene-bridged polyarenes are generated easily from 2-halo-2-methylbiaryls through benzylic C-H bond activation and subsequent carbon-carbon bond formation, and palladium complexes promote the arylation of methylene carbons. The palladium-catalyzed annulations of 1,8-bis(arylethynyl)naphthalene derivatives with o-diiodoarenes yielded benzo[k]fluoranthene-based linear acenes, which can be applied to synthesize highly curved fragments of fullerenes. The self-reactions of diarylethynes formed either dihydrocyclopenta[a]indenes or octaaryl-1,3,5,7-octatetraenes through palladium-catalyzed cycloisomerization or nickel-catalyzed tetramerization, respectively. In the presence of palladium catalysts, the hydroalkynylation of terminal arylalkynes directly generated angular trimerization adduct dienynes.